The AI Apocalypse
Adversarial attacks are an increasingly worrisome threat to the performance of artificial intelligence applications.
If an attacker can introduce nearly invisible alterations to image, video, speech, and other data for the purpose of fooling AI-powered classification tools, it will be difficult to trust this otherwise sophisticated technology to do its job effectively.
Imagine how such attacks could undermine AI-powered autonomous vehicles ability to recognise obstacles, content filters’ effectiveness in blocking disturbing images, or in access systems’ ability to deter unauthorized entry.
Some people argue that adversarial threats stem from “deep flaws” in the neural net technology that powers today’s AI. After all, it’s well-understood that many machine learning algorithms are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.
However, you could just as easily argue that this problem calls attention to weaknesses in enterprise processes for building, training, deploying, and evaluating AI models.
None of these issues are news to AI experts. It’s true that the AI community lacks any clear consensus on best practices for building anti-adversarial defenses into deep neural networks. But from what I see in the research literature and industry discussions, the core approaches from which such a framework will emerge are already crystallising.
Going forward, AI developers will need to follow these guidelines to build anti-adversarial protections into their applications:
Assume attacks on all in-production AI assets
As AI is deployed everywhere, developers need to assume that their applications will be high-profile sitting ducks for adversarial manipulation.
AI exists to automate cognition, perception, and other behaviors that, if they produce desirable results, might merit the praise one normally associates with “intelligence.” However, AI’s adversarial vulnerabilities might result in cognition, perception, and other behaviors of startling stupidity, perhaps far worse than any normal human being would have exhibited under the circumstances.
Perform adversarial risks prior to AI development
Upfront and throughout the life cycle of their AI apps, developers should frankly assess their projects’ vulnerability to adversarial attacks.
As noted in a 2015 research paper published by the IEEE, developers should weigh the possibility of unauthorized parties gaining direct access to key elements of the AI project, including the neural net architecture, training data, hyper-parameters, learning methodology, and loss function being used.
Alternatively, the paper shows, an attacker might be able to collect a surrogate dataset from the same source or distribution as the training data used to optimize an AI neural net model. This could provide the adversary with insights into what type of ersatz input data might fool a classifier model that was built with the targeted deep neural net.
In another attack approach described by the paper, even when the adversary lacks direct visibility into the targeted neural net and associated training data, attackers could exploit tactics that let them observe “the relationship between changes in inputs and outputs … to adaptively craft adversarial samples.”
Generate AI adversarial examples
AI developers should immerse themselves in the growing body of research on the many ways in which subtle adversarial alterations may be introduced into the images processed by convolutional neural networks (CNNs).
Data scientists should avail themselves of the growing range of open source tools, such as this one on GitHub, for generating adversarial examples to test the vulnerability of CNNs and other AI models. More broadly, developers should consider the growing body of basic research that focuses on generating adversarial examples for training generative adversarial networks(GANs) of all sorts, including those that aren’t directly focused on fending off cybersecurity attacks.
Rely on human curators and algorithmic discriminators
The effectiveness of an adversarial attack depends on its ability to fool your AI apps’ last line of defense.
Adversarial manipulation of an image might be obvious to the naked eye but still somehow fool a CNN into misclassifying it. Conversely, a different manipulation might be too subtle for a human curator to detect, but a well-trained discriminator algorithm in GAN may be able to pick it out without difficulty.
One promising approach to second issue is to have a GAN in which an adversary model alters each data point in an input image, thereby trying to maximize classification errors, while a countervailing discriminator model tries to minimise misclassification errors.
Build AI algorithms for detecting adversarial examples
Some algorithms may be more sensitive than others to the presence of adversary-tampered images and other data objects. For example, researchers at the University of Campinas found a scenario in which a shallow classifier algorithm might detect adversarial images better than a deeper-layered CNN. They also found that some algorithms are best suited for detecting manipulations across an entire image, while others may be better at finding subtle fabrications in one small section of an image.
One approach for immunizing CNNs from these attacks might be to add what Cornell University researcher Arild Nøkland calls an “adversarial gradient” to the backpropagation of weights during an AI model’s training process. It would be prudent for data science teams to test the relative adversary-detection advantages of different algorithms using ongoing A/B testing both in development and production environments.
Re-use adversarial-defense knowledge
As noted in a 2016 research paper published by the IEEE, data scientists can use transfer-learning techniques to reduce the sensitivity of a CNN or other model to adversarial alterations in input images.
Whereas traditional transfer learning involves applying statistical knowledge from an existing model to a different one, the paper discusses how a model’s existing knowledge, gained through training on a valid data set, might be “distilled” to spot adversarial alterations.
According to the authors, “we use defensive distillation to smooth the model learned by a [distributed neural net] architecture during training by helping the model generalise better to samples outside of its training dataset.”
The result is that a model should be better able to recognise the difference between adversarial examples (those that resemble examples in its training set) and non-adversarial examples (those that may deviate significantly from those in its training set).
Without these practices as a standard part of their methodology, data scientists might inadvertently bake automated algorithmic gullibility into their neural networks. As our lives increasingly rely on AI to do the smart thing in all circumstances, these adversarial vulnerabilities might prove catastrophic.
That’s why it’s essential that data scientists and AI developers put in place suitable safeguards to govern how AI apps are developed, training, and managed.
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