How Worried Should We Be About a Nuclear War With North Korea?

History is littered with near misses, but the latest tensions between the US and North Korea offer their own special risks of Armageddon. On the anniversary of the US nuclear bomb attack on Nagasaki in 1945, rhetoric from both Kim Jong-Un and Donald Trump has one again raised the spectre of nuclear war in the Pacific.

Nuclear weapons have not been used in conflict since the end of the Second World War – although many have been exploded as part of weapons development and testing programmes. They are qualitatively different from other weapons. Because the energy in the atomic nucleus is much larger than the energy in chemical bonds, nuclear explosions have far greater impacts than conventional explosives. This is why one nuclear bomb could destroy a city such as Hiroshima or Nagasaki in 1945. Since then nuclear weapons have become more sophisticated and have been designed with even greater explosive power. One warhead could obliterate hundreds of thousands of people in a single explosion.

Nuclear explosions not only create enormous blasts and fires but also release highly damaging radiation and long-term radioactive debris (known as fallout). There is no effective capacity at the international level to deliver immediate humanitarian assistance to survivors if nuclear weapons were ever to be used; humanitarian workers would have to wait for radiation levels to be safe or they will just add themselves to the sick and dying. The effects of nuclear weapons can last for decades and, depending on how many are used and where, they have the potential to negatively impact the global climate causing long-term crop growth problems and potential starvation.

Because of their huge and clumsy impact – there is no such thing as a small mistake with nuclear weapons – international efforts to prevent countries from acquiring nuclear weapons have been in force for decades. In 2020, the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty will have been in force for 50 years and, a few weeks ago at the UN, 122 countries negotiated and adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency is charged with safeguarding civil nuclear energy facilities to ensure that countries without nuclear weapons cannot acquire the special materials such as uranium and plutonium needed for nuclear weapons.

Despite all these efforts and promises made to eliminate, thousands of nuclear weapons remain in the hands of a few countries: China, France, India, Pakistan, Russia, and the UK have them, though Russia and the US possess the vast majority. It is widely believed that Israel has nuclear weapons but this has never been confirmed. Now it is likely that North Korea is at least very close to having them, or already does.

There have been several occasions in which nuclear weapons were very nearly used deliberately. Most of those near misses were in the cold war at times of crisis and the stories of how they came about are sobering. The Cuban missile crisis is perhaps best known as the nearest the world came to global nuclear war – and things were far worse then than most people realize – but there have been several other close shaves. The most chilling has recently been portrayed in the film The Man Who Saved the World which tells the true story of Stanislav Petrov, a USSR military officer who was commanding an early warning station in 1983 – a very unstable year in US-USSR relations – when his computer screens showed a stream of incoming US nuclear ballistic missiles. His decision to wait and see rather than act as he had been instructed saved the lives of millions.

Other too-close-for-comfort examples include a Russian double agent and a code that would have triggered a nuclear response had it not been for cool heads and mature thinking, and the case of Able Archer – a live-fire NATO exercise which was believed by many in East Germany and Russia to be a pretext for a real attack. Again, cool heads and the work of back-channels saved the day.

The progress that Iran made towards a nuclear weapons capability led to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action aimed at ensuring that Iran cannot develop a fully-fledged nuclear weapons programme, but attempts since the early 1990s to do the same with North Korea have failed. The speed of developments within North Korea’s ballistic missile programme and their five nuclear warhead tests have led the US Defence Intelligence Agency and the Japanese government to fear that North Korea may already have crossed the threshold and possess deliverable nuclear ballistic missiles.

If North Korea were to attack any US base in the Pacific with conventionally armed missiles, the US would have moved many key strategic assets away from the target and would aim to intercept many of those missiles and immediately strike back.

There would be no need for the US to use nuclear weapons; the US conventional armoury is well known and would deliver a 'fire and fury' attack as President Trump telegraphed. Such a response would be seen as proportionate and would likely be supported by most countries in the Pacific and around the world.

At that point, North Korea could decide to come to the negotiating table, or it could decide to escalate further and could begin a land, sea and air invasion of South Korea or indeed attempt to detonate a nuclear warhead either by missile or by other means, such as ship. It is also possible that complete chaos could erupt in North Korea with a challenge to its leadership. 

If North Korea has the capability to use nuclear weapons and aimed at Guam or any other base, the US would first attempt to intercept the incoming ballistic missiles with missile defences. However, this type of interception is notoriously difficult and cannot be relied on. If a North Korean nuclear attack were successful, depending where and how it exploded, thousands to hundreds of thousands of people could be killed.

The US response could be measured. There would be no need to use nuclear weapons and such restraint would likely be rewarded by support from other regional powers including China. The use of nuclear weapons by the United States, which might be viewed by US allies as a proportionate response, would likely lose the support of Russia and China and other countries. The US would face internal opposition, including from some of its own population – although there are many who would support nuclear use in retaliation.

The number of potent scenarios that could unfurl are numerous and each contains enormous risks and potential for miscalculation and catastrophe.

Partly because of their isolation and fears, North Korea believes that their nuclear weapons will deter attack from the United States. This is undoubtedly a miscalculation on their part.

Despite recent agreement in the UN Security Council, their nuclear weapons developments are acting more as a lightning rod for an attack. Countries that believe in nuclear weapons as a deterrent – such as the UK and France – have long-speculated as to what would happen if nuclear deterrence strategies fail. We may be about to find out in northeast Asia.

The Royal Institute of International Affairs

This article was originally published in the New Statesman

Dr Patricia Lewis is Research Director, International Security, Chatham House

You Might Also Read: 

N. Korea Will Unleash Cyber Attacks On The US:

N. Korea Threatens The World With Cyberwarfare - Not Nuclear Missiles:

North Korea, WannaCry, Cyberattacks And Lazarus:

 

« Tech Industry Has Written Women Out Of History
Online Privacy Makes A GDPR Comeback »

CyberSecurity Jobsite
Perimeter 81

Directory of Suppliers

LockLizard

LockLizard

Locklizard provides PDF DRM software that protects PDF documents from unauthorized access and misuse. Share and sell documents securely - prevent document leakage, sharing and piracy.

ON-DEMAND WEBINAR: What Is A Next-Generation Firewall (and why does it matter)?

ON-DEMAND WEBINAR: What Is A Next-Generation Firewall (and why does it matter)?

Watch this webinar to hear security experts from Amazon Web Services (AWS) and SANS break down the myths and realities of what an NGFW is, how to use one, and what it can do for your security posture.

NordLayer

NordLayer

NordLayer is an adaptive network access security solution for modern businesses — from the world’s most trusted cybersecurity brand, Nord Security. 

ZenGRC

ZenGRC

ZenGRC - the first, easy-to-use, enterprise-grade information security solution for compliance and risk management - offers businesses efficient control tracking, testing, and enforcement.

Clayden Law

Clayden Law

Clayden Law advise global businesses that buy and sell technology products and services. We are experts in information technology, data privacy and cybersecurity law.

Ripjar

Ripjar

Ripjar is a global company of talented technologists, data scientists and analysts designing products that will change the way criminal activities are detected and prevented.

Cast Software

Cast Software

CAST is a pioneer in Software Analysis and Measurement (SAM) to capture and quantify the reliability and security of business applications.

FaceFirst

FaceFirst

FaceFirst provide face recognition technology solutions to detect and deter real time threats,

Wipro

Wipro

Wipro Limited is a leading global information technology, consulting and business process services company.

Cylus

Cylus

Cylus, a global leader in rail cybersecurity, helps rail and metro companies avoid safety incidents and service disruptions caused by cyber-attacks.

Flipside

Flipside

Information Security training provider specialized in personalized training and security awareness campaigns.

Startup Capital Ventures

Startup Capital Ventures

Startup Capital Ventures is an early stage venture capital firm with a focus on FinTech, Cloud/SaaS, Security, Healthcare IT, and IoT.

KanREN

KanREN

KanREN is a member based consortium offering custom, world-class network services and support for researchers, educators, and public service institutions in the state of Kansas.

FDD Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation (CCTI)

FDD Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation (CCTI)

The Foundation for Defense of Democracies is a nonprofit research institute focusing on foreign policy and national security. Ares of focus include cyber security and technology innovation.

Anxinsec

Anxinsec

Anxinsec Technology is a security solution and service provider with a focus on new technology and innovations in cybersecurity.

RiskSmart

RiskSmart

RiskSmart empower risk, compliance, and legal teams with a tech-led and data-driven platform designed to save time, reduce costs and add real value to businesses.

Hook Security

Hook Security

Setting a new standard in security awareness. Hook Security is a people-first company that uses psychological security training to help companies create security-aware culture.

Project Cypher

Project Cypher

Project Cypher leverages the latest cybersecurity developments, a world class team of hackers and constant R&D to provide you with unparalleled cybersecurity offerings.

Huntr

Huntr

Huntr provides a single place for security researchers to submit vulnerabilities, to ensure the security and stability of AI/ML applications.

Frontier Technology Inc. (FTI)

Frontier Technology Inc. (FTI)

Frontier Technology Inc provides the technology and deep data expertise to drive the best defense and intelligence solutions.

Ampsight

Ampsight

Ampsight specializes in enabling cloud integration, securing data, and navigating complications that drive critical-mission success.