Cognitive Science Can Explain Why Fake News Works

Although the term itself is not new, fake news presents a growing threat for Internet societies across the world. Only a small amount of fake news is needed to disrupt a conversation, and at extremes it can have an impact on democratic processes, including elections. 
 
But what can we do to avoid fake news, at a time when we could be waiting a while for mainstream media and social networks to step up and address the problem? 
 
From a psychology perspective, an important step in tackling fake news is to understand why it gets into our mind. We can do this by examining how memory works and how memories become distorted. Using this viewpoint generates some tips you can use to work out whether you’re reading or sharing fake news.
 
How memory gets distorted at the source
Fake news often relies on misattribution, instances in which we can retrieve things from memory but can’t remember their source. Misattribution is one of the reasons advertising is so effective. We see a product and feel a pleasant sense of familiarity because we’ve encountered it before, but fail to remember that the source of the memory was an ad. 
 
One study examined headlines from fake news published during the 2016 US presidential election. The researchers found even a single presentation of a headline (such as “Donald Trump Sent His Own Plane to Transport 200 Stranded Marines,” based on claims shown to be false) was enough to increase belief in its content. 
 
This effect persisted for at least a week, and it was still found when headlines were accompanied by a fact-check warning or even when participants suspected it might be false. Repeated exposure can increase the sense that misinformation is true. Repetition creates the perception of group consensus that can result in collective misremembering, a phenomenon called the Mandela Effect. 
 
It might be harmless when people collectively misremember something fun, such as a childhood cartoon (did the Queen in Disney’s Snow White really not say “Mirror, mirror”?). But it has serious consequences when a false sense of group consensus contributes to rising outbreaks of measles.
 
Scientists have investigated whether targeted misinformation can promote healthy behavior. Dubbed false-memory diets, it is said that false memories of food experiences can encourage people to avoid fatty foods, alcohol, and even convince them to love asparagus.
 
Creative people that have a strong ability to associate different words are especially susceptible to false memories. Some people might be more vulnerable than others to believe fake news, but everyone is at risk.
 
How bias can reinforce fake news
Bias is how our feelings and worldview affect the encoding and retrieval of memory. We might like to think of our memory as an archivist that carefully preserves events, but sometimes it’s more like a storyteller. Memories are shaped by our beliefs and can function to maintain a consistent narrative rather than an accurate record.
 
An example of this is selective exposure, our tendency to seek information that reinforces our pre-existing beliefs and to avoid information that brings those beliefs into question. This effect is supported by evidence that television news audiences are disproportionately partisan and can exist in their own echo chambers. It was thought that online communities exhibit the same behavior, contributing to the spread of fake news, but this appears to be a myth. Political news sites are often populated by people with diverse ideological backgrounds and echo chambers are more likely to exist in real life than online. 
 
Our brains are wired to assume things we believe originated from a credible source. But are we more inclined to remember information that reinforces our beliefs? This is probably not the case. People who hold strong beliefs remember things that are relevant to their beliefs, but they remember opposing information too. This happens because people are motivated to defend
their beliefs against opposing views. 
 
Belief echoes are a related phenomenon that highlight the difficulty of correcting misinformation. Fake news is often designed to be attention-grabbing. It can continue to shape people’s attitudes after it has been discredited because it produces a vivid emotional reaction and builds on our existing narratives. Corrections have a much smaller emotional impact, especially if they require policy details, so should be designed to satisfy a similar narrative urge to be effective.
 
Tips for resisting fake news
The way our memory works means it might be impossible to resist fake news completely. But one approach is to start thinking like a scientist. This involves adopting a questioning attitude that is motivated by curiosity and being aware of personal bias.
For fake news, this might involve asking ourselves the following questions:
  • What type of content is this? Many people rely on social media and aggregators as their main source of news. By reflecting on whether information is news, opinion, or even humor, this can help consolidate information more completely into memory.
  • Where is it published? Paying attention to where information is published is crucial for encoding the source of information into memory. If something is a big deal, a wide variety of sources will discuss it, so attending to this detail is important.
  • Who benefits? Reflecting on who benefits from you believing the content helps consolidate the source of that information into memory. It can also help us reflect on our own interests and whether our personal biases are at play.
Some people tend to be more susceptible to fake news because they are more accepting of weak claims. But we can strive to be more reflective in our open-mindedness by paying attention to the source of information, and questioning our own knowledge if and when we are unable to remember the context of our memories.
 
Nieman Lab
 
You Might Also Read:

Websites To Be Fined Over 'online harms' Under New UK Law:

Cyberwar: Enter the Trolls:

 

« Ethical Hacker Guilty Of Malware Attacks
N. Korea’s 4Cs: Crypto-Currency-Cyber-Crime »

Infosecurity Europe
CyberSecurity Jobsite
Perimeter 81

Directory of Suppliers

Directory of Cyber Security Suppliers

Directory of Cyber Security Suppliers

Our Supplier Directory lists 7,000+ specialist cyber security service providers in 128 countries worldwide. IS YOUR ORGANISATION LISTED?

The PC Support Group

The PC Support Group

A partnership with The PC Support Group delivers improved productivity, reduced costs and protects your business through exceptional IT, telecoms and cybersecurity services.

Jooble

Jooble

Jooble is a job search aggregator operating in 71 countries worldwide. We simplify the job search process by displaying active job ads from major job boards and career sites across the internet.

DigitalStakeout

DigitalStakeout

DigitalStakeout enables cyber security professionals to reduce cyber risk to their organization with proactive security solutions, providing immediate improvement in security posture and ROI.

Authentic8

Authentic8

Authentic8 transforms how organizations secure and control the use of the web with Silo, its patented cloud browser.

Pervade Software

Pervade Software

Pervade Software is a global provider of dedicated compliance tracking software with monitoring & reporting capabilities.

OCERT

OCERT

OCERT is the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Oman.

Wavestone

Wavestone

Wavestone is a strategy and technology consulting company with areas of expertise including digital transformation and cybersecurity.

UL Solutions

UL Solutions

UL Solutions is a safety, security and compliance consulting and certification company. Areas covered include cyber security.

Duo Security

Duo Security

Duo combines security expertise with a user-centered philosophy to provide two-factor authentication, endpoint remediation and secure single sign-on tools.

AngelList

AngelList

AngelList champion startups and the people who empower them. Search tech & startup jobs, find new tech products, and invest in startups.

Nassec

Nassec

Nassec is a Cyber Security firm dedicated to providing the best vulnerability management solutions. We offer tailor-made cyber security solutions based upon your requirements and nature of business.

Information Technology Solutions (ITS)

Information Technology Solutions (ITS)

Information Technology Solutions is a single source provider for managing and securing mission-critical IT services.

Campus cyber

Campus cyber

A project initiated by the President of the Republic, the Cyber Campus is the totem site of cybersecurity that brings together the main national and international players in the field.

CSIR Information & Cybersecurity Research Centre

CSIR Information & Cybersecurity Research Centre

The CSIR Information & Cybersecurity Research Centre focuses on research, development, and innovation of home-grown cyber and information security.

RiskSmart

RiskSmart

RiskSmart empower risk, compliance, and legal teams with a tech-led and data-driven platform designed to save time, reduce costs and add real value to businesses.

Hook Security

Hook Security

Setting a new standard in security awareness. Hook Security is a people-first company that uses psychological security training to help companies create security-aware culture.

Muscope Cybersecurity

Muscope Cybersecurity

Muscope CYSR platform performs a risk assessment and offers a comprehensive overview of the potential cyber attack risks.

Astran

Astran

At Astran, we revolutionize data security by introducing a groundbreaking solution for data confidentiality headaches.

Netia

Netia

Netia is a Polish telecommunications company providing a range of business services including network solutions, communications, data centre and cloud, and cybersecurity.

Stratsec

Stratsec

Stratsec is a global team of experts on a mission to protect human life, well-being and the environment against cyber-driven threats.